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Abstrak —Industri kecil dituntut untuk meningkatkan produktivitas agar dapat bersaing dengan produk luar. Dalam upaya meningkatkan produktivitas kerja perlu adanya usaha yang kondusif untuk mengoptimalkan sistem kerja. Peningkatan produktivitas akan tercapai jika semua komponen dalam sistem kerja dirancang secara ergonomi. Sistem kerja pada perkampungan industri kecil Penggilingan Cakung banyak melibatkan aktivitas fisik, sehingga perlu sistem kerja yang ergonomi untuk dapat meningkatkan produktivitas. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perbaikan sistem kerja dengan pendekatan ergonomi partisipatorik yaitu dengan pemberian istirahat aktif secara ergonomi partisipatorik guna menurunkan beban kerja dan gangguan muskuloskelatal  Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan eksperimental yang menggunakan tretmen by subyek  design pre and post-test group design dengan sampel acak sederhana (simple random sampling). Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah rerata skor antara pretretmen dengan post-treatmen berupa perlakuan sesudah penerapan istirahat aktif secara ergonomi partisipatorik. Analisis yang digunakan uji t-paired dengan taraf nyata 5 %. Hasil penelitian diharapkan bahwa sistem kerja dengan pendekatan ergonomi partisipatorik dapat : (a) menurunkan keluhan muskuloskeletal pekerja  (b) menurunkan kelelahan pekerja sebesar (c) menurunkan beban kerja pekerja sebesar (d) menurunkan risiko cedera di tempat kerja  (e) meningkatkan produktivitas dan (f) meningkatkan pendapatan pekerja dan meningkatkan pendapatan industri.

Kata kunci : ergonomi partisipatorik, beban kerja, ganggunan musculoskeletal, sistem kerja, produktivitas

PT KAI Commuter Jabodetabek adalah salah satu anak perusahaan PT KERETA API (Persero) yang menyelenggarakan pengusahaan pelayanan jasa angkutan kereta api komuter dengan menggunakan sarana Kereta Rel Listrik di wilayah Jabodetabek. Pada tanggal 2 Juli 2011, PT KAI Commuter Jabodetabek mulai memberlakukan pola operasi Single Operation. Single operation merupakan aturan yang mengharuskan seluruh rangkaian KRL Jabodetabek, khususnya KRL AC berhenti di setiap stasiun kereta. Dengan pola Single Operation ini yang menjadi kendala utama PT KAI Commuter Jabodetabek adalah adanya keluhan penumpang mengenai jadwal KRL Commuter Line yang datang tidak tepat waktu yang mengakibatkan perjalanan KRL Commuter Line menjadi lebih lama dari yang dijadwalkan. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan PT KAI Commuter Jabodetabek dalam hal ketepatan waktu kedatangan KRL Commuter Line di stasiun tujuan, maka diperlukan analisis tingkat kapabilitas dan level sigma dalam menentukan tingkat kualitas dari performa perjalanan KRL Commuter Line, khususnya pada saat jam sibuk di pagi dan sore hari. Melalui analisis tingkat kapabilitas dan level sigma ini dapat diketahui sampai pada level sigma berapa tingkat proses yang dijalani PT KAI Commuter Jabodetabek saat ini. Pada penelitian ini, variabel-variabel yang diteliti adalah waktu kedatangan KRL Commuter Line Bekasi Nomor 5207 dari Bekasi tujuan Jakarta Kota, jadwal datang di stasiun Jakarta Kota pukul 07.46 wib dan waktu kedatangan KRL Commuter Line Bekasi Nomor 5238 dari Jakarta Kota tujuan Bekasi, jadwal datang di stasiun Bekasi pukul 18.06 wib. Dari hasil perhitungan kapabilitas proses dari waktu keterlambatan kedatangan KRL Commuter Line Bekasi Nomor 5207 di stasiun Jakarta Kota didapat hasil Potencial Capability (Cpu) sebesar -0.173 dan nilai sigma -0.42 sigma dengan PPM 662800 ppm. Hasil perhitungan kapabilitas proses dari waktu keterlambatan kedatangan KRL Commuter Line Bekasi Nomor 5238 di stasiun Bekasi didapat hasil Potencial Capability (Cpu) sebesar -0.266 dan nilai sigma -0.79 sigma dengan PPM 785200 ppm. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi yang dilakukan dengan diagram sebab akibat dapat diketahui faktor-faktor penyebab keterlambatan kedatangan KRL Commuter Line Bekasi yaitu antrian KRL Jabodetabek dengan KA jarak jauh,perhitungan Gapeka belum akurat,rangkaian KRL Commuter Line  sering mengalami gangguan teknis, rangkaian KRL Ekonomi sering mogok, mesin persinyalan dan wesel sering mengalami gangguan,awak KRL dan petugas perjalanan datang terlambat.

Kata kunci : Kapabilitas Proses, Level Sigma, Keterlambatan Kedatangan KRL

Within this study, HEC-cysteamine nanoparticles with free thiol groups in the range of 117–1548 l mol/g
were designed and characterized. Nanoparticles were generated via ionic gelation of the cationic polymer
with tripolyphosphate (TPP) follow ed by covalent crosslinking via disulfide bond formation using H 2O2 as
oxidant. The mean diameter of the particles was in the range of 270–360 nm, and zeta potential was
determined to be +4 to +10 mV. Nanopar ticles were evaluated in terms of mucoadhesive, permeation
enhancing, and biocompatible properties as well as biodegradability. The particles remained attached
to porcine intestinal mucosa up to 70% after 3 h of incubation. The more nanoparticles were oxidized;
however, the less were their mucoadhesive properties. Nanoparticles applied in a concentration of
0.5% (m/v) with the highest content of free thiol groups improved the transport of fluorescein isothiocy-anate dextran 4 (FD4) across Caco-2 cell monolayer 3.94-fold in comparison with control (buffer). In
addition, the transport of FD4 was even 1.84-fold enhanced in the presence of 0.5% (m/v) nanoparticles
with the lowest free thiol group content. The higher the disulfide bond content within nanop articles was,
to a lower degree nanoparticles were hydrolyzed by cellulase. None of these nanoparticles showed pro-nounced cytotoxicity. According ly, HEC-cysteamine could be a promising excipient for nanoparticulate
delivery systems for poorly absorbed drugs.

Within this study, the influence of particle size and zeta potential of hydroxyethyl cellulose–cysteamine particles on
permeation enhancing properties was investigated. Particles were prepared by four different methods namely ionic
gelation, spray drying, air jet milling and grinding. Particles prepared by grinding were additionally air jet milled. All
particles were characterized in terms of particle size and zeta potential. The transport of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 (FD4) across Caco-2 cell monolayers in the presence of these particles and the decrease in transepithelial
electrical resistance (TEER) was evaluated. The cytotoxic effect of the particles was investigated using resazurin assay.
Nanoparticles displaying a zeta potential of 3.3 ± 1.3 mV showed the highest enhancement of FD4 transport among
all particles with a 5.83-fold improvement compared to buffer only. Due to the larger particle size, particles generated
by grinding exhibited a lower capability in opening of tight junctions compared to smaller particles generated by air
jet milling. In addition, the results of the transport studies were supported by the decrease in the TEER. All particle
formulations tested were comparatively non-cytotoxic. Accordingly, the zeta potential and particle size showed
a significant impact on the opening of tight junctions and hence could play an important role in the design of
hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)-cysteamine-based nano- and micro-particles as drug delivery systems.

The purpose of this study was to design and characterize a novel cationic thiolated polymer. In this regard a
hydroxyethylcellulose-cysteamine conjugate (HEC-cysteamine) was synthesized. Oxidative ring opening
with periodate and reductive amination with cysteamine were performed in order to immobilize free
thiol groups to HEC. The resulting HEC-cysteamine displayed 2035 ± 162  mol immobilized free thiol
groups and 185 ± 64 mol disulfide bonds per gram of polymer being soluble in both acidic and basic
conditions. Unlike the unmodified HEC, in case of HEC-cysteamine, a three-fold increase in the viscosity
was observed when equal volumes of the polymer were mixed with mucin solution. Tablets based on
HEC-cysteamine remained attached on freshly excised porcine mucosa for 80 h and displayed increased
disintegration time of 2 h. Swelling behavior of HEC-cysteamine tablets in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 6.8
indicated swelling ratio of 19 within 8 h. In contrast, tablets comprising unmodified HEC detached from
the mucosa within few seconds and immediately disintegrated. In addition, they did not exhibit swelling
behavior. The transport of rhodamine 123 across freshly excised rat intestine enhanced by a value of
approximately 1.6-fold (p -value = 0.0024) in the presence of 0.5% (m/v) HEC-cysteamine as compared to
buffer control. Result from cytotoxicity test of HEC-cysteamine applied to Caco-2 cells in concentration
of 0.5% (m/v) revealed 82.4 ± 4.60% cell viability. According to these results, HEC-cysteamine seems to be
a promising polymer for various pharmaceutical applications especially for intestinal drug delivery