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As one part of the category of e-waste, household batteries are also considered as one of the hazardous waste in many countries because they contain heavy metals that could potentially harm human health and the environment. This paper presents the initial investigation of household battery waste in the city of Surabaya. Knowledge, awareness and community participation are also discussed. The data and information used in this study were collected by distributing questionnaires by random in 5 areas in the city of Surabaya and interviewed approximately 480 households. Research shows that other types of batteries figure out of around 57 %, about 24% of AA batteries, AAA roughly 15 % and 4 % for a 9V battery. Majority of Households, approximately 64 % know that used batteries can be a problem in the environment and human health. Households stated that the products of famous brands, cheaper prices, and advices from friends is a priority when they buy batteries. Despite their knowledge of the waste battery is fairly good, only about 31.5 % of households are willing to pay for the improvements of the electronic waste management system. However, households are willing to engage in recycling their waste batteries. Considering the a used battery waste generation continues to increase, recycling programs need to be introduced to the public for waste materials that have the potential risk to human health and the environment.

Keywords: e-waste, batteries, knowledge, awareness, willingness to pay.

Alat pendingin merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam suatu sistem elektronik. Beban panas yang semakin besar akibat pemakaian produk elektronik yang tanpa henti menyebabkan diperlukannya sistem pendingin baru yang lebih efisien atau mempunyai efisiensi termal yang tinggi. Penelitian ini akan membahas karakteristik aliran dan perpindahan panas konveksi paksa dengan model aliran impinging jet sintetik yang akan digerakkan dengan fungsi  gelombang sinusoidal. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode komputasional dan eksperimental.

Tahap komputasional menggunakan software CFD Fluent dengan model turbulensi k-ω SST dengan elemen meshing Tet/Hybrid tipe Tgrid untuk melihat distribusi aliran pada jet sintetik. Sedangkan pada tahap eksperimental akan dilihat karakteristik perpindahan panas konveksi paksa dengan menggerakkan membran jet sintetik pada gelombang sinusoidal variasi frekuensi 80 Hz, 120 Hz dan 160 Hz dan amplitudo 2 mm menggunakan function generator.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh gelombang dan frekuensi yang signifikan terhadap laju perpindahan panas yang didapat. Pada penelitian ini juga terlihat, laju perpindahan panas konveksi paksa yang terbaik terjadi ketika membran jet sintetik digetarkan pada frekuensi rendah 80 Hz.

Hydrogen is increasingly investigated as an alternative energy source to petroleum products in industrial application, internal combustion engines (transportation) and electrical power plant. The safety issues related to hydrogen gas are further exasperated by expensive instrumentation required to measure the temperature, flow rates and production pressure. This paper investigates the use of model based virtual sensors in connection with DEGUSSA Sintering furnace with hydrogen gas as process atmosphere for UO2 pellet sintering processes. The virtual sensors are used to predict relevant hydrogen safety parameters, such as hydrogen output temperature, hydrogen pressure and hydrogen flow rate as a function of different input conditions parameters. The virtual sensors are developed by means of the application of various Artificial Intelligent techniques. To train and appraise the neural network models as virtual sensors, the Degussa sintering system is instrumented with necessary sensors to gather experimental data which together with neural networks and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems were used as predictive tools to estimate hydrogen safety parameters. It was shown that using the neurofuzzy inference system, hydrogen safety parameters were predicted with the average RMSE 0.0387, 0.0283, 0.1301 and MAE 0.0241, 0.0115, 0.0355 sequentially for temperature, pressure, and flow rate of hydrogen.

Meningkatnya penggunaan dan penerapan hidrogen sebagai sumber energi terbarukan atau aplikasi pada proses industri, telah meningkatkan tekanan untuk memastikan penanganan keselamatan serta pemantauannya. Masalah keselamatan yang berkaitan dengan gas hidrogen lebih jauh dihambat oleh mahalnya instrumentasi yang diperlukan untuk mengukur persentase batas ledakan, laju aliran dan tekanan yang dihasilkan. Solusi inovatif untuk mengatasi isuisu keselamatan hidrogen dan sensor fisik yang mahal adalah dengan menggunakan sensor virtual berdasarkan jaringan syaraf tiruan yang belajar dari data untuk memprediksi parameter yang berkaitan dengan keselamatan hidrogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dataset yang menggambarkan seluruh perilaku proses sintering dengan atmosfir hidrogen. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan sebuah sistem akuisisi data untuk proses sintering serta mengujinya pada proses sintering sebenarnya untuk mendapatkan data yang diperlukan. Hasil percobaan pada sistem akuisisi data secara online untuk mengukur variabel proses menunjukkan kinerja sistem yang baik. Data yang diperoleh dapat menggambarkan perilaku keseluruhan hidrogen dalam proses sintering. Dengan demikian data ini dapat digunakan sebagai dataset untuk pemodelan jaringan saraf tiruan dalam memprediksi parameter keselamatan hidrogen dalam studi berikutnya.

The data with free of noise or outliers will not be obtained in the chemical or physical process measurements using due to some kind of noise arising from thermodynamics and quantum effects may not be removed. The extensive use of personal computers in process instrumentation and flexibility of programming software, encourages its use for filtering time series data with satisfactory results. This paper will investigate outlier filtering techniques on time series data of temperature and flow rate of hydrogen gas as result of sensor measurement on the sintering process. The results an optimal parameters on the filtering technique that yields an adequate signal to noise ratio while still maintaining peak signal on the measurement results, Its is very important respect to process safety parameters of hydrogen gas.