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Toxoplasmosis is zoonotic disease caused by apicomplexan parasites i.e. Toxoplasma gondii. The parasites infects virtually all nucleated cell on wide range host. High multiplication stages of parasites called tachyzoite – have ability to migrate on long distance from site of infection. Once tachyzoite reach circulation system they are able to infect all leukocyte component such as monocytes, neutrophils and lumphocytes. Further, they will be multiplied and egress from the cells which was caused cell destruction. Purpose of the research is to study effect of high and low infection doses on degree of cell depletion especially on leukocyte. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally infected with 5 x 10⁶ tachyzoites/mice (called high infection dose ; HID) and 2,5 x 10 ³ tachyzoites/ mice (called low infection dose : LID). The HID group were bleed on  4^th day post infection, while LID group were bleed on 8^th day post infection. Blood sample was obtained by cardiac punture using tuberculin syringe containing heparin as anticoagulant. Leukocyte count on HID and LID groups were significantly decreased compare to normal lekocyte from non treated (healthy) mice. Those phenomena was corresponds with leukocytopenia that characterized with excessive dcreased of leukocytes count, especially neurophenia and lymphopenia.

Key words : Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, leukocye, leukocytopenia, differential count.

Objectives: Previous studies reported that proliferation and differentiation of stem cell are influenced by free radicals.Therefore, we conducted an investigation to know whether antioxidants, to our current interest, extract of Curcuma longa L. (ECL) and(-)-Epigallo catechin-3-gallate (EGCG), are playing role in differentiation and proliferation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs). Materials and Methods: ECL and AD-MSCs were prepared. Inhibitory concentration-median (IC-50) of ECL and EGCG were measured based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. To examine the effect of ECL and EGCG on proliferation and differentiation of AD-MSCs, ECL and EGCG in various concentrations were applied in culture of AD-MSCs for different period of time. Cell number was counted by trypan blue exclusion method. Differentiation of AD-MSCs into endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) was analyzed based on following surface markers: cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), CD133 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) with flow cytometer. Results: IC50 of ECL and EGCG on DPPH scaveging activity were 7.61 and 0.42 μg/mL, respectively. The highest proliferation rates were achieved by induction of ECL in concentrations of 1 µg/mL, while induction of EGCG in concentration of 0.25 µg/mL. ECL and EGCG enhanced differentiation of AD-MSCs into EPCs, marked by increasing expression of CD34, CD133 and VEGFR-2 at 4 incubation days. Conclusions: Our current results suggested that ECL and EGCG as antioxidant could enhance proliferation of AD-MSCs and differentiation of AD-MSCs into EPCs.

Key words: Antioxidant, Curcuma longa, EGCG, EPCs, AD-MS, VEGFR-2, CD133, CD34.

Cincau merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman yang secara tradisional dimanfaatkan sebagai obat diare, batuk, gangguan pencernaan dan anti hipertensi. Selain itu cincau diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi, sehingga memiliki potensi sebagai anti kanker. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji toksisitas terhadap ekstrak dan fraksi dari daun cincau hitam (Mesona palustris B.) dan daun cincau hijau (Cyclea barbata Miers) menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). Hasil uji terhadap daun cincau hitam menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat merupakan  ekstrak teraktif dengan nilai LC₅₀ adalah 9,25 bpj, dari hasil fraksinasi ekstrak etil asetat didapatkan bahwa fraksi E.A.9. merupakan fraksi teraktif dengan nilai LC₅₀ adalah 2,66 bpj, dan dari hasil fraksinasi E.A.9 diperoleh fraksi E.A.9.2. memiliki aktivitas tertinggi dengan nilai LC₅₀ adalah 9,17 bpj. Hasil uji terhadap daun cincau hijau menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat teraktif dengan nilai LC₅₀ 1,70 bpj, dari hasil fraksinasi ekstrak etil asetat didapatkan bahwa fraksi E.A.7. merupakan fraksi teraktif dengan nilai LC₅₀ adalah 4,82 bpj, dan dari hasil fraksinasi E.A.7 diperoleh fraksi E.A.7.5. memiliki aktivitas tertinggi dengan nilai LC₅₀ adalah 12,71 bpj. Dari hasil identifikasi terhadap fraksi EA.9.2 pita I diduga mengandung senyawa metil palmitat, isopropil miristat, dokosana dan asam laurat undecil ester; dari fraksi EA.7.5 pita II diduga mengandung palmitamida, asam 2-(2,6-dimetoksi-benzoilamino)-propionat etil ester, dan etil p-asetamidobenzoat. Hasil uji toksisitas menunjukkan bahwa daun cincau hitam dan daun cincau hijau berpotensi untuk diteliti lebih lanjut.

Kata kunci: cincau hitam (Mesona palustris B.), cincau hijau (Cyclea barbata Miers), uji toksisitas

Quantitative electronic structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis of a series of mangostin derivatives as antiplasmodial compounds
have been conducted using atomic net charges (q), dipole moment (μ) ELUMO, EHOMO, polarizability (a), log P and massa molecular as the
descriptors. The descriptors were obtained from computational chemistry method using semi-empirical PM3. Antiplasmodial activities
were taken as the activity of the drugs against chloroquine-resistant plasmodiumfalciparum FCR3 strain and are presented as the value of
ln (1/IC50) where IC50 is an effective concentration inhibiting 50 % of the parasite growth. The best model of QSAR model was determined
by multiple linear regression method and giving equation of QSAR: ln 1/IC50 = -189.029-(752.054) qC5 + (1249.672)qO6 + (3134.359)
qC9 + (1174.323) qC10 + (329.121)qC13 - (1.409)μ + (75.214) ELUMO - (23.683) ELUMO - (2.156) a- (3.372) log P + (0.309) MM. The
equation was significant on the 95 % level with statistical parameters: n = 15; r = 0.951; r2 = 0.905; SE = 1.326498; Fcalc/Ftable = 1.029 and
gave the PRESS = 5.650972. Its means that there were only a relatively few deviations between the experimental and theoretical data of
antimalarial activity.

A study had been conducted to isolate, to identify and to test heme polymerization inhibitory activities of G. parvifolia (Miq)Miq stem
bark active compounds with antimalarial properties. UV, IR, RMI 1D (1H NMR and 13C NMR) and RMI 2D (COSY, HMQC and HMBC)
and mass spectra were used for identification. Heme polymerization inhibitory activity assay was conducted in vitro by measuring b-
hematin formation using ELISA reader. The study revealed that active isolates derived from xanthone compounds, 1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-(3-
methylbut-2-enyl)-7-methoxy-8-(3-methylbut-2- enyl)xanthen-9-on. HPIA assay showed that the compounds acted by inhibiting weak
heme polymerization activities.